भाषामा मानकीकरणको अवधारणाः मातृभाषाहरूको सन्दर्भ र कार्यान्वयनको पक्ष - प्रा.डा. हेमाङ्ग राज अधिकारी

ljifo k|j]z

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ n] g]kfndf af]lng] ;a} dft[efiffnfO{ /fi6«efiff dfg]sf] / g]kfnL efiffnfO{ ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff dfg]sf] 5 . o; kl/k|]Iodf xfn efiff cfof]u u7g eO{ o;n] g]kfnsf efiffx?sf] ;+/If0f tyf ljsf;sf nflu s]xL sfo{x? cufl8 a9fPsf] ;j{ ljlbt 5 . ;fy} efiff cfof]un] ljutdf g]kfnsf ljleGg efudf af]lng] s]xL efiffx?nfO{ k|fb]lzs tyf :yfgLo txsf] sfdsfhL efiffsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] egL l;kmfl/; ;d]t u/]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf ltgnfO{ s] s;/L k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsPnf, ;f]af/] yk cWoog tyf sfo{ of]hgfsf] cfjZostf /xG5 . o;sf] tof/Lsf j|mddf cfjZos ljrf/ ljdz{df cfwf/ e"ld lgdf{0fsf nflu of] cjwf/0ff k|:t't ug{ nfluPsf] xf] . oxfF k|:t't cjwf/0ff ;}b\wflGtseGbf xfd|f] kl/j]z cg';f/ Jofjxfl/s b[li6n] pkof]uL x'g ;sf];\ eGg] s'/fsf] ljz]if Vofn ul/Psf] 5 . ob\olk o;df s'g} Ps efiff ljz]ifnfO{ s]lGb|t u/L rrf{ ug'{eGbf ;du|df g]kfnL kl/j]zsf ljljw k|s[lt tyf :t/sf efiffx?nfO{ b[li6ut u/L s]xL ;fdfGoLs/0fsf ;fy rrf{nfO{ k|:t't ug'{ plrt 7flgPsf] 5 .

efiffsf] dfgsLs/0f

dfgsLs/0f efiff of]hgfsf] Ps cª\u xf] . o;nfO{ efiffsf] :t/Ls/0f Pjd\ Ps¿kLs/0f klg elgPsf] kfOG5 . dfgsLs/0fn] vf; efiffsf] cf}krfl/s ultljlw tyf lnlvt :j¿kdf k|of]usf]  ck]Iff /fV5 . cgf}krfl/s ¿kdf 3/ kl/jf/df t efiffsf] k|of]u ePs} x'G5 . To;}n] dfgsLs/0fn] efiff k|of]usf] If]qdf :t/j[b\lw ;d]t vf]h]sf] :ki6 x'G5 . o;sf] k|f/De vf; efiffleq /x]sf ljleGg e]bdWo] s'g} Ps e]bsf] 5gf]6af6 x'G5 .

s= eflifs e]bsf] 5gf]6

dfgsLs/0f eGgfn] efiffleq /x]sf :yfgLo tyf juL{o e]bx?dWo] s'g} Pssf] 5gf]6 u/L To;nfO{ n]Vo k|of]udf k|f]T;fxg ug]{ k|of; xf] . o:tf] sfo{ eg] h:tf] Tolt ;lhnf] / ;xh x'Fb}g . o;sf nflu ljleGg kIf ljrf/0fLo x'G5g\ . klxnf] s'/f t Pp6} efiffsf ljleGg eflifsf ePdf s'g} Ps e]bnfO{ 5gf]6 u/L k|f]T;fxg ul/g' kg]{ x'G5 . o;f] ubf{ ;DalGwt eflifs ;d'bfodf ;aeGbf a9L k|rlnt e]bsf] klxrfg cfjZos 5 . o:tf] sfo{ n]Vo k/Dk/f ePsf efiffdf s]xL ;lhnf] x'G5 . h;sf] nfdf] n]Vo k/Dk/f 5, To; efiffdf sf]z tyf Jofs/0f klg n]lvPsf] 5, To;df nfdf] ;flxlTos k/Dk/f klg 5 eg] ToxL e]b ;~rf/ dfWod tyf lzIf0f l;sfOdf klg k|of]udf cfpg] ;Defjgf /fV5 . To;}n] klg n]Vo k/Dk/f ePsf efiffdf dfgsLs/0f s]xL ;xh x'g' :jfefljs 5 . o:tf efiffx?df s]xL k"j{:yflkt k|of]u tyf k|rng x'g] x'Fbf ltgdf s]xL ;'wf/ tyf kl/isf/ u/L cufl8 a9\g ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df o; ;d"xsf efiffx?df g]jf/L, d}lynL, lnDa' cflb efiff kb{5g\ . oL efiffx?nfO{ dfgs :yflkt eO ;s]sf efiffsf ¿kdf klg lng ;lsG5 tfklg dfgsLs/0f Pp6f o:tf] k|lj|mof xf], of] s]xL ;do l:y/ h:tf] nfu] klg efiffsf] k|of]u lj:tf/ x'Fb} hfFbf o;df s]xL ;'wf/ tyf kl/isf/ eO /xg] x'G5 .

n]Vo k/Dk/f e/v/ ;'? ePsf efiffx?df eg] k|rlnt ljljw e]bdWo] Ps e]bsf] 5gf]6 ubf{ To; e]bsf] ;fdflhs :jLsfo{tfsf] Vofn ug'{ cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu To; efiffdf ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts tyf /fhgLlts ultljlwn] a9L k|rngdf NofPsf] jf Jofkfl/s s]Gb|df a9L k|rlnt e]bn] k|fyldstf kfpg ;S5 . o;sf] klg eflifs cWoog s]xL cufl8 a9]sf] tyf zAbsf]z, Jofs/0f n]lvg yfn]sf] Pjd\ ;~rf/ tyf lzIffdf k|of]u x'g yfn]sf] eP h'g e]b o;/L k|of]u x'g yfn]sf] 5 To;n] k|fyldstf kfpg] ;Defjgf clws x'G5 . lj;+= @)$& kl5 o; ;d"xsf efiffx?sf] ;ª\Vofdf pT;fxhgs  j[b\lw ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; ;d"xsf efiffx?df tfdfª, u'?ª, du/, yf? cflb efiffnfO{ lng ;lsG5 .

n]Vo k/Dk/f gePsf jf xfn df}lvs ¿kdf dfq k|rlnt efiffdf eg] dfgs e]bsf] 5gf]6b]lv g} of]hgfab\w 9ª\un] clu a9\g' cfjZos 5 . o:tf efiffsf ljleGg e]bdWo] h'g e]b ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts ultljlw jf Jofkfl/s s]Gb|df k|of]u x'g] e]b 5gf]6 u/L ;fdflhs :jLsfo{tf lglZrt ul/g' cfjZos x'G5 .

v= sf]8Ls/0f

sf]8Ls/0fn] efiffsf] cfGtl/s tTTjx?sf] k|jw{g tyf pGgognfO{ lgb]{z u5{ . cfGtl/s tTTj eg]sf] efifftTTj g} xf] . o; cGtu{t j0f{, ¿k, jfSo / zAb e08f/ d'Vo ¿kdf pNn]Vo 5g\ . oxfF sf]8 eg]sf] efiff xf] . o;sf] cfGtl/s tTTjsf] ljsf; k|lj|mof g} sf]8Ls/0f xf] . o;/L sf]8Ls/0f cGtu{t efiffsf j0f{, ¿k, jfSo / zAb e08f/sf] cWoog cg';Gwfg, Jofs/0f lgdf{0f, sf]z lgdf{0f, zAb e08f/sf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/sf ultljlw kb{5g\ . ;fy} efiffnfO{ n]Vo ¿kdf :yflkt ug{] pb\b]Zon] lnlksf] rog, o;sf] ;'wf/ tyf kl/isf/sf s'/f klg o;leq ;d]l6G5g\ .

-!_ j0f{ lgwf{/0f M ;DalGwt efiffsf] pRrf/0fdf s] slt j0f{sf] k|of]u x'G5 < ltgdWo] :j/ slt / Jo~hg slt cf]6f 5g\ < zAbx?sf] ;+/rgfdf ltgsf] ljt/0f s] s:tf] 5, cIf/ ;+/rgfdf ltgsf] :j¿k s] s:tf] 5 < :j/ / Jo~hg h:tf v08Lo j0f{ afx]s efiffdf v08]t/ j0f{ M dfqf, cg'tfg, cf3ft cflbsf] l:ylt s] s:tf] 5, oL s'/f klg j0f{ lgwf{/0f cGtu{t kb{5g\ . o:tf v08Lo / v08]t/ j0f{x?dWo] cy{ lje]bs j0f{ slt x'g\ / pRrf/0fdf dfq cg'e"t x'g] t/ cy{df lje]bs gaGg] Wjlg eP ltgnfO{ jfl0f{s :t/df /flvFb}g . oL ;a} s'/fsf] cWoogaf6 dfq efiffsf j0f{x?sf] efiff j}1flgs b[li6n] lgwf{/0f x'g ;S5 .

-@_ lnlk 5gf]6 tyf lgwf{/0f M n]Vo k/Dk/f ePsf efiffdf lnlksf] 5gf]6 klxn] g} ePsf] x'gfn] o;df n]vg kb\wltsf] ;'wf/ ;DaGwL s'/fn] k|fyldstf kfpF5 t/ ;a} efiffsf] cfk\mgf] lnlk x'Fb}g . cg]s efiffn] Pp6} lnlk rnfPsf x'G5g\ . s]xL efiffsf] dfq cfk\mgf] 5'6\6} lnlk x'g ;S5 . l;l/hª\uf lnDa' efiffdf dfq k|rlnt 5 . csf]{ efiffdf k|rlnt lnlk 5gf]6 u/L s'g} efiff n]Vbf s]xL ;d:of cfO k5{g\ . st} cfk\mgf] efiffdf /x]sf j0f{sf nflu lnlklrx\g ck'u x'g ;S5g\ eg] st} Pp6} j0f{sf nflu PseGbf a9L lnlklrx\g jf cltl/St lnlklrx\g pknAw x'G5g\ . o:tf cltl/St lnlklrx\gx?n] sltko l:yltdf n]vgdf cndndf kfg{ ;S5g\ . st} ck'u lnlklrx\gsf nflu vf; lnlklrx\gdf pklrx\gx? k|of]u u/]/ klg sfd rnfpg ;lsG5 . cfk\mg} lnlk klg agfpg ;lsG5 t/ o:tf] gj lnlk agfpg, rnfpg / :yflkt u/fpg lgs} 7'nf] k|fljlws Ifdtf / ;do cfjZos kg]{ x'G5 . To;}n] w]/}h;f] clnlvt efiffx?sf] n]vgsf nflu lgs6jtL{ efiffdf k|rlnt jf cfk"mx? cEo:t ePsf] lnlksf] 5gf]6 ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . o:tf] ug'{ cfk\mgf] efiffnfO{ n]Vo efiffsf] :t/df pGgog / lj:tf/sf nflu ;'ud pkfo 7flgG5 . o;af6 ;do / >dsf] yk af]em sd eO{ ;DalGwt dft[efifLx?n] cfk\mgf] efiffsf] ;+/If0f / lj:tf/df a9\tf Wofg lbg kfpg] ;Defjgf /xG5 .

df}lvs efiffnfO{ lnlkab\w ug]{ sfd b'O{  lsl;dn] x'g ;S5 M -c_ WjGofTds n]vg / -cf_ jfl0f{s n]vg . jStfn] h:tf] af]N5, p;sf] af]nL ;'g]/ h:tfsf] t:tf] lnlkdf ptfg{ vf]Hg' WjGofTds n]vg xf] . o:tf] n]vg Wjlg j}1flgs tyf Wjlg lj1fgdf k|lzlIft cWo]tfsf] ljifo xf] . o;sf] pkof]u d'VotM efiffsf] cg';Gwfgsf nflu x'G5 . o;nfO{ ;"Id n]vg dflgG5 . jfl0f{s n]vg ;fdfGo n]vg xf] . o:tf] n]vgdf cy{ lje]bs j0f{x?df cfwfl/t lnlklrx\gsf] pkof]unfO{ dxTTj lbOG5 . o; lsl;dsf] n]vgnfO{ :y"n n]vg elgG5 . o;df cy{ lje]bs gx'g] WjGofTds ljz]iftfnfO{ dxTTj lbOFb}g . o:tf ljz]iftf d'VotM af]nfO, ;:j/ k9fO jf clegodf eg] ;Gbe{ tyf efj cg';f/ k|:k'ml6t x'g ;S5g\ t/ ;fdfGo n]vgdf klg sltko l:yltdf cltl/St lnlklrx\g jf pklrx\g k|of]u ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . o:tf] k|j[lQ sd ub}{ hfg' plrt x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu klxn] klxn] g]kfnL efiffdf 8fF8f, efF8f, /]l8of] h:tf zAbsf] dWo jf kZr 8 df tnyf]KnL pklrx\g lbg] rng lyof] . cr]n of] rng x/fPsf] 5 . o:tf] pklrx\gn] zAbsf] cy{df s'g} lje]bssf] sfd gug]{ x'Fbf gn]lvFbf s]xL km/s kb}{g .

-#_ lxHh] ;'wf/ M h'g efiffdf n]Vo k/Dk/f :yflkt ePsf] 5, To; efiffdf lxHh] ;'wf/sf] k|Zg ljz]if dxTTjk"0f{ x'g ;S5 . k|f/Dedf cfk\mgf] efiffnfO{ lnlkab\w ug{ rfxg] tyf pT;flxtx?n] ;xh pknAw lnlkdf efiff n]Vg ;'? u/]sf x'g ;S5g\ / To;}nfO{ cg';/0f u/L c¿n] lnlvt k/Dk/fnfO{ cufl8 a9fPsf x'g ;S5g\ . o; l:yltdf xfdLn] clxn] eg] cg';f/ df}lvs efiffsf] cWoogsf cfwf/df j0f{ lgwf{/0f u/L ;f]xL cg'¿k lnlk tyf lnlklrx\gx?sf] rog u/L efiffsf] n]vgnfO{ of]hgfab\w 9ª\un] a9fOPsf] x'Fb}g . ljutdf w]/}h;f] efiffsf] n]vg k/Dk/f o:t} :jtM:k"mt{ jf clgof]lht 9ª\uaf6 ljsf; x'Fb} cfPsf] x'Fbf kl5Nnf] ;dodf efiffdf ePsf] kl/jt{gn] klg n]vg kb\wltdf j}1flgstf gePsf] b]Vg ;lsG5 . To; l:yltdf efiffsf] pRrf/0f / n]vglar lxHh]sf b[li6n] k|z:t leGgtf cfPsf] x'g ;S5 . efiffsf] cfbz{ n]vg t ToxL xf], h;df pRrf/0f / n]vgdf lgs6tf cfcf];\ cyf{t\ h:tf] af]lnG5 To:t} n]lvG5 eGg] l:ylt g} o;sf] pRrtd ck]Iff xf] . nfdf] n]Vo k/Dk/f ePsf efiffdf o:tf] b]lvFb}g . To;}n] klg efiffsf] dfgsLs/0fdf lxHh]÷j0f{ ljGof; Pp6f k|d'v ;d:of  ag]sf] x'G5 . lxHh]nfO{ hlt;Sbf] df}lvs efiffsf] lgs6 Nofpg ;lsof] eg] o;n] n]vg, k|sfzg, lzIf0f l;sfO cflb If]qdf efiffsf] k|of]unfO{ ;/n tyf ;xh agfpF5 . csf]{ s'/f, efiffsf] k|of]u lj:tf/ x'Fb} hfFbf o;sf] zAb e08f/df cg]s efiffaf6 cfuGt's zAbx?sf] klg k|z:t dfqfdf k|j]z ePsf] x'G5 . ltgsf] lxHh]df Ps¿ktf Nofpg' klg cfjZos x'G5 .

-$_ zAb e08f/sf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ M k|To]s efiffdf 3/ kl/jf/, v]tLkftL / ;fdfGo ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts ultljlwdf ljrf/ cfbfg k|bfgsf nflu zAb e08f/sf] sdL dx;'; x'Fb}g t/ ha gofF cg'ej tyf 1fgsf] lj:tf/ x'Fb} hfG5, cGt/lj|mofsf] If]q klg lj:tf/ x'Fb} hfG5, To; l:yltdf yk zAb e08f/sf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ cfjZos x'G5 . o:tf] l:ylt ;DalGwt efiffnfO{ lzIffsf] dfWod, cem lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] dfWod agfpg yfn]kl5 zAb e08f/sf] cefj v8\lsG5 . To;}n] eflifs ;d'bfo ha cfw'lgs ;dfhdf k|j]z ub}{ hfG5, ;dfhdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g cg';f/ cfk\mgf] efiffdf klg cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] cfjZostf kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L zAb e08f/sf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ efiffsf] cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] dxTTjk"0f{ kfOnf] dflgG5 . o;sf nflu cfk\mgf] efiffsf] zAb /rgf k|lj|mofsf] cWoog u/L ;f]xL 9fFrfdf ldNg] u/L yk zAbx? agfP/ k|of]udf Nofpg], k"j{ k|rlnt zAbx?nfO{ g} ldNbf]h'Nbf] csf]{ ;Gbe{df k|of]u u/L ltgsf] cy{ lj:tf/ ug]{ h:tf s'/fdf hf]8 lbOG5 . o;af6 dfq kof{Kt gx'Fbf cGo efiffaf6 cfuGt's zAbx? leq\ofP/ klg sfd rnfOG5 . o;/L gj k|of]udf cfPsf zAbx?sf] k|of]usf] l:ylt x]/L ltgdf kl/isf/ ub}{ hfg' zAb e08f/sf] dfgsLs/0fsf] csf]{ kIf xf] .

g]kfnsf dft[efiffx?sf] :t/ut ljsf; tyf k|of]u lj:tf/

s= g]kfnL afx]s g]kfnsf w]/} dft[efiffx?sf] ;+/If0f tyf ljsf;df lj;+= @)$& kl5 lgs} 7'nf] hfu/0f cfPsf] 5 . o;sf] kmn:j¿k sltko df}lvs dfWoddf dfq cl:tTjdf /x]sf efiffx? clxn] lnlvt dfWoddf cu|;/ ePsf 5g\ . ljb\o'tLo ;~rf/ dfWoddf logsf] k|of]u lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . logn] 5fkf dfWoddf klg cfk"mnfO{ :yflkt ub}{ 5g\ . ;fy} lzIffsf If]qdf klg st} lzIffsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf / st} ljifosf ¿kdf logsf] k|of]u x'g yfn]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|, ;fgf] l7dLn] b'O{ bh{geGbf a9L dft[efiffdf k|fylds sIffx?sf nflu kf7\o k':ts tof/ u/L pkof]udf Nofpg ;3fPsf] 5 . cGo dft[efifL s]6fs]6LnfO{ k|f/lDes sIffdf g]kfnL l;sfpFbf g]kfnL efifL ;/xsf] ljlw pkof]u ug]{ k|j[lQnfO{ lg?T;flxt u/L pgLx?sf nflu g]kfnL efiffnfO{ bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf lzIf0f ug{] tyf u/fpg] lbzfdf kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|, z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb| tyf efiff cfof]uaf6 ;d]t s]xL k|of; ePsf 5g\ . ob\olk oL k|of;df Jofkstf kfpg cem lgs} ;do nfUnf t/ o;tkm{ klxn]eGbf j|mdzM hfu¿stf a9]sf] b]lvG5 .

v= csf]{ s'/fÙ clxn] w]/} dft[efiffsf] cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg ug]{ k|j[lQdf pT;fxhgs k|ult ePsf] b]lvG5 . ljZj ljb\ofnodf klg dft[efiffdf /  dft[efiff tyf g]kfnL efiffsf] t'ngfTds cWoog ug]{ ljb\ofyL{x?sf] ;ª\Vof a9\bf] 5 . ;fy} ljleGg dft[efiffdf zAbsf]z / Jofs/0f lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{df ljut ltg bzsdf lgs} k|ult ePsf] kfOG5 . sl/a #%÷$) efiffdf zAbsf]zx? ag]sf / emG8|} olt g} efiffdf Jofs/0f ;d]t n]lvPsf] l:ylt b]lvG5 . ob\olk lj1tfsf] b[li6n] logdf ;'wf/ tyf kl/isf/sf] vfFrf] dx;'; x'g' :jfefljs 5 .

u= plNnlvt kIfsf ;fy} csf]{ dxTTjk"0f{ kIf xf]Ù k|fb]lzs tyf :yfgLo txdf ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiffsf ¿kdf dft[efiffsf] k|of]u . o;df klg s]xL :yfgLo ufpF kflnsf / gu/ kflnsfdf o;sf] sfof{Gjog x'g yfn]sf] cj:yf 5 . efiff cfof]un] ;ft} k|b]zdf ToxfF a;f]jf; ug]{ ljleGg dft[efifLx?sf] hg;ª\Vof tyf hg3gTjnfO{ b[li6ut u/L s]xL efiffx?nfO{ k|b]zut txdf ;/sf/L sfdsfhL efiff agfpg l;kmfl/; u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . o;sf] sfof{Gjogsf] tof/Lsf nflu klg ljz]if u/L tL efiffx?sf] k|of]usf] dfgsLs/0f cfjZos x'G5 . l;kmfl/;df k/]sf efiffx? :yfgLo ;/sf/L sfof{nox?df sfof{Gjogsf nflu s] s:tf] k"j{ tof/L cfjZos x'G5 < o;sf nflu :yfgLo dft[efifLx?sf] k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ x'g] sfo{fno tyf ultljlwsf] klxrfg u/L ToxfFaf6 sfof{Gjogsf] k|f/De x'g ;S5 / To;kl5 To;sf] cg'ejsf cfwf/df cGo If]qdf klg lj:tf/ ub{} n}hfg ;lsG5 .

:jLsfo{tf

efiffsf] dfgsLs/0fn] k|of]Stfx?sf] :jLsfo{tfsf] ;d]t ck]Iff /fV5 . :jLsfo{tfsf] s'/f dfgsLs/0fsf w]/}h;f] kIfdf cfjZos x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu k|of]udf /x]sf eflifs e]bdWo] s'g} Pssf] 5gf]6 / k|f]T;fxg ubf{ To; efiffsf k|of]Stfx?n] cfTd;ft\ ug{] l:ylt tyf :jLsfo{tfnfO{ ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' k5{ . To:t} lnlk 5gf]6 ubf{, lxHh] cflbsf] ;'wf/ ubf{ tyf zAb e08f/ a9fpg gj zAb lgdf{0f u/L k|rngdf NofpFbf ;d]t o; s'/fsf] Vofn /fVg' h?/L x'G5 . o:t} k|rlnt ljljw e]bdWo] s'g} Ps e]bsf] 5gf]6 c;xh ePdf tL e]bsf] ld>0fsf cfwf/df 5'6\6} dfgs e]b ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . To; l:yltdf klg :jLsfo{tfnfO{ ljz]if Vofn ug'{ cfjZos 5 . o:tf ljljw kIfdf ePsf dfgsLs/0f ;DaGwL sfo{ tyf ultljlw / ltgsf] :jLsfo{tfsf] l:yltsf] cg'udg Pjd\ cWoog u/L To;df ;'wf/sf pkfox? cjnDag ul/g' kg]{ x'G5 . efiffsf] k|of]u lj:tf/ x'Fb} hfFbf s'g} efiffnfO{ k|efjzfnL Pjd\ hLjGt agfpg df}lvs / lnlvt e]bdf lgs6tfsf] Vofn ug{ ;lsPdf clwsflws k|of]Stfsf] cfTdLotf tyf :jLsfo{tfsf] dfqf a9fpg ;lsG5 . 

dfgsLs/0fdf g]kfnL efiffsf] cg'ej

efiffsf] dfgsLs/0fsf] k|lj|mofdf g]kfnL efiffsf] dfgsLs/0fsf] k|;ª\u ljut / jt{dfgdf klg lgs} rlr{t / ljjfbf:kb ;d]t ag]sf] x'Fbf To;sf] cg'ej oxfF s]xL ;fGble{s x'g ;Snf egL 5f]6f] rrf{ ug'{ pko'St 7flgPsf] 5 . ob\olk g]kfnL efiffsf] dfgsLs/0fsf] k|f/De Tolt pT;fxhgs 5}g tfklg o; efiffdf dfgsLs/0fsf nflu ePsf k|of; tyf k|d'v 36gfn] dfgsLs/0fsf] hl6ntf a'e\mg / efiffsf k|of]Stfx?sf] ?lr tyf nufalar tfnd]n tyf ;dGjo u/]/ n}hfg ;xfos x'g] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .

g]kfnL efiffsf] n]Vo :j¿ksf] dfgsLs/0fsf j|mddf /fddl0f cf=bL= sf] xnGt alxisf/ ljz]if pNn]Vo 5 . pgn] agf/;af6 lj;+= !(^% df dfwjL klqsf dfkm{t o:tf] cleofg rnfPsf lyP . To; j]nf ef/tdf lxGbL efiffdf ef/t]Gb' xl/lZrGb|n] rnfPsf] xnGt alxisf/sf] k|efjdf g]kfnLdf klg pgn] k':ts, kq klqsf cflbsf] 5kfOdf ;lhnf] x'g] 7fgL o;df hf]8 lbPsf] b]lvG5 . ob\olk hª\u axfb'/ /f0ffn] a]nfotaf6 NofPsf] k|];af6 g]kfndf lj;+= !(!) lt/ g} d'n'sL P]g 5flkPsf], To;kl5 7lx6Ldf /x]sf] k|fOe]6 5fkfvfgfaf6 klg k':ts 5kfOdf x'g yfn]sf] / df]tL/fd e6\6sf] kfnfdf of] cem lj:tf/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;fy} sl/a Ps bzs;Ddsf] uf]vf{kq -lj;+= !(%*_ / bflh{lnªaf6 ;f]xL jif{ 5flkg yfn]sf] uf]v]{ va/ sfut\ cflb klg efg'eStsf] /fdfo0fdf h:t} xnGt n]vgd} 5fKg] 5kfpg] ultljlw ePsf lyP . uf]/vf efiff k|sflzgL ;ldlt -!(&), kl5 g]kfnL efiff k|sflzgL ;ldlt_ df rGb| zdz]/n] /fddl0f cf=bL=nfO{ k|d'v agfPkl5 g]kfnL n]vg tyf k|sfzgdf xnGt alxisf/sf] babaf rNof] . ;ldltsf] :jLs[ltljgf g]kfndf s'g} k':ts 5fKg gkfOg] ePkl5 n]vg tyf k|sfzgdf hfu/0f cfPsf] To; j]nf k|rlnt xnGt 9fFrfdf n]Vb} cfPsf n]vs tyf ;flxTosf/x? ls t ;ldltsf] ;]G;/leq v'lDrg afWo eP ls sltkon] snd aGb ug]{ cj:yf pTkGg eof] . o;af6 s] v'n:t x'G5 eg] xnGt alxisf/sf] gfddf n]vsx?nfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ xtsG8fsf ¿kdf o;nfO{ k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] . o;}nfO{ ;ª\s]t ub}{ To; j]nfsf Ps k|v/ n]vs lzv/ gfy ;'j]bLn] /fddl0fsf] p6\k6\ofª k|yf eg]sf] klg k9\g kfOG5 . x'g klg g]kfnL efiffsf] ;xh pRrf/0fsf] lgs6 /x]sf] k|rlnt n]vgnfO{ s[lqd -h:t}Ù uf]vf{ Ö uf]/vf, ;sf{/\ Ö ;/sf/ cflb_ lt/ df]8\g] of] x7 /f0fftGqsf] s7f]/ zf;gsf] cf8df ePsf] HofbtL lyof] . /fddl0fn] oxL s[lqd efiffdf Jofs/0f ;d]t n]vfPsf] b]lvG5 . ob\olk pgn] n]vfPsf] Jofs/0f csf{ rt'/ ljb\jfg\ x]d/fh kf08] -dflxnf u'?_ sf] ;lj|motfdf xnGt alxisf/nfO{ lj|mofkbsf] k|of]udf s]xL ;xh kf/]/ ;f]dgfy l;Ub\ofnsf] ;d]tsf] ;xof]udf NofOPsf] uf]/vf efiff rlGb|sf Jofs/0fn] k|lt:yflkt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . oxL Jofs/0fsf] 9fFrfdf dWo rlGb|sf x'Fb} !((! df cfPsf] g]kfnL lxHh] ;DaGwL lgod g]kfnL efiff s;/L z'b\w n]Vg] < ÷-g]sz'n]_ n] l:y/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To; j]nf csf]{ ;xh wf/df jL/]Gb| s]z/L cHof{nn] !(^) sf] ;'?lt/} g]kfnL Jofs/0f n]v]sf / kl5 ;f] Jofs/0f k|sfzgfy{ ;ldltdf cfPsf] t/ ds} kj{ - !(&&_ sf] 3fgdf cfk\mgf lj/f]wLx?nfO{ kfg]{ j|mddf To; k':tssf] kf08'lnlk klg ufoa ul/Psf] a'lemG5 . o;sf] ck"0f{ kf08'lnlk @)#& lt/ ho/fh cfrfo{sf] Traditional Grammars : English and Nepali sf] kl/lzi6df k|sflzt e]l6G5 .

/f0fftGqsf] cGTokl5 g]kfnL efiffdf j0f{ ljGof;sf] dfgsLs/0fsf] pSt 9fFrfk|lt ljdlt tyf ;'wf/sf lemgf / :j/x? d'v/ x'Fb} cfPsf e]l6G5g\ .  ltgdWo] klxnf] n]v k'is/ zdz]/n] @))* ;fndf g]kfnL efiffdf pRrf/0f zLif{sdf n]v]sf] e]l6G5 . o;df g]kfnL efiffsf pRrf/0fdf kfOg] s]xL ljz]iftfx?sf] ;f]bfx/0f rrf{ kfOG5 . pgsf s]xL cGo n]vx?df klg g]kfnL efiffsf] df}lnstfk|lt Wofg lbg g;s]sf]df lrGtf JoSt ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . o;kl5 @)!# ;fndf gf}nf] kfOnf] klqsf dfkm{t em/f]{jfbLx?n] afh -cª\u|]hL / lxGbLafh_ / afh] -;+:s[t_ sf] k|efj tyf k|j[lQaf6 g]kfnL efiffnfO{ hf]ufpg cfafh a'nGb u/]sf lyP . o; cleofgn] eg] sf7df8f}Fsf ;De|fGtx?sf afSnf eO ;s]sf sfgx?df klg cfafh u'lGht ePsf] a'e\mg ;lsG5 . dxfgGb ;fksf]6fsf] hglha|f] jfbn] klg o;sf] kIf kf]if0f u/]sf] lyof] .

o;} j|mddf k|f= lzj/fh cfrfo{n] lhDbf] g]kfnL efiffsf] kIfdf k"jL{o kfl0fgLo k/Dk/f / klZrdL j0f{gfTds efiff lj1fgsf] cWoog ;d]tsf cfwf/df ljleGg kq klqsfdf cfkmgf] v/f] / b/f] ;}b\wflGts pk:yfkgfsf ;fy cfk\mgf ljrf/x? k|:t't u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ pgsf o:tf k|v/, uxg tyf ts{ ;ª\ut ljrf/x?nfO{ a]jf:tf u/L pRrf/0f;Fu lgs6 pgsf] n]vgnfO{ axfgf agfP/ :yfgLo ;ª\sL0f{tfsf] ku/L u'tfOof] / pgsf pk:yfkgfnfO{ zf:qLo cfwf/df k/f:t ug{ efiffdf sfo{/t ;dsfnLg ljb\jfg\x? cu|;/ ePsf] b]lvPg . pgsf] ljrf/df xnGt alxisf/sf] cleofg, rlGb|sf tyf dWo rlGb|sf / ;f] k/Dk/fsf Jofs/0f tyf zAbsf]z cflb g]kfnL efiffsf] ;xh pRrf/0f tyf k|of]unfO{ a]jf:tf u/]/ cs}{ vfnsf] s[lqd efiff agfO{ ;f]sf cfwf/ v8f ul/Psf x'g\ . Jofst{Jo -j0f{gLo_ efiffsf] klxrfg gu/L, To;sf] hudf gcl8O{ s[lqd efiff v8f u/L To;nfO{ /f0ff zf;gsf] hf]8ann] dfq dfGotf lbnfP/ To;} cfwf/df Jofs/0f tyf sf]z lgdf{0f ul/Psfn] ;du| k|lj|mofdfly g} k|f=cfrfo{n] cfk\mgf ljleGg n]vx?af6 ljdlt, o'lSto'St v08g / efjL dfu{ lgb]{z ;d]t k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnLsf k'Vof}{nL ;+:s[t, k|fs[t / cke|+z efiffdf n]lvPsf Jofs/0f k/Dk/f;Fu klg gldNg] / cfw'lgs efiff j}1flgs lrGtg;Fu klg gldNg] s[lqd cjwf/0ffdf g]kfnL Jofs/0f v8f ul/Psfn] ;du| efiff lrGtg g} kye|i6 / af]lemnf] x'g uPsf] pgsf] cf/f]k /x]sf] 5 . pgsf lrGtg ;DaGwL n]vx? lhDbf] g]kfnL efiff -@)@! b]lv @)#& ;Dd_ sf n]vx? b'O{ v08df , klxnf] @)#) df bf];|f] v08 @)#&_ df k|sflzt 5g\ .

plNnlvt k[i7e"lddf g]kfnL efiffsf] j0f{ ljGof;sf] dfgsLs/0fsf ;DaGwdf ;j{ k|yd @)@( ;fndf ;femf k|sfzgb\jf/f cfof]lht n]vsx?sf] e]nfn] cfuGt's zAbx?nfO{ g]kfnL lgod - tb\ej lgod_ cg';f/ n]Vg] k|:tfj u/]sf] lyof] t/ ;femfsf tTsfnLg cWoIfsf] ?lr ljk/Lt ePsfn] Tof] sfof{Gjogdf cfPg . To;kl5 lqe'jg ljZj ljb\ofnosf] clgjfo{ g]kfnL lzIfsx?sf /fli6«o tyf If]qLo uf]i7Ln] @)#% df ;+:s[t afx]ssf zAbx?nfO{ g]kfnL lxHh] cg';f/ n]Vglt/ hf]8 lbg] ;xdlt h'6fof] . o;}nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL @)$) df tTsfnLg g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fgn] g]kfnL a[xt\ zAbsf]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 . oxL dfGotfnfO{ @)%^ df ljb\ofno txdf sfof{Gjogsf] txdf hfFbf s]xL lj/f]wsf :j/x? b]vf k/] klg To;nfO{ @)%& sf] g]/fk|k|sf] uf]i7Ln] dTy/ kf/]sf] b]lvG5 . cem o; uf]i7Ldf Ifltk"/s bL3L{ejg egL cufl8 / lardf n]lvg] tb\ej zAbnfO{ x|:j ug{ ;'emfa lbPsf] lyof] . kl5 @)^% sf] lqlj= clgjfo{ g]kfnLsf] uf]i7Lkl5 k|sflzt clgjfo{ g]kfnL lzIf0f lgb]{lzsf @)^^ / ToxL jif{ pRr dfWolds txsf] kf7\o k':tsdf ;d]t ;a} tb\ej zAbx? cufl8 / k5fl8 x|:j n]Vg], gfdof]uL, nfdf ;d:t zAb / ;+o'St lj|mofdf s[bGt c+znfO{ cnu n]Vg yflnof] . kmn:j¿k g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fgsf] @)^& sf] uf]i7Ln] o;sf] cg'df]bg u/]kl5 kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|, ;fgf] l7dLn] k|:tfljt u/]sf] k|sfzg tyf ;Dkfbg z}nL @)^( nfO{ lzIff dGqfnoaf6 :jLs[t eO{ ljb\ofno txdf nfu' ePsf] pNn]Vo 5 .

dft[efiffdf dfgsLs/0fsf] cfufdL sfo{lbzf

plNnlvt kl/k|]Iodf g]kfnsf ;a} dft[efiffx?sf] dfgsLs/0fnfO{ Pp6} 9fnf]df xfn]/ x]g{ ;lsg] s'/f ePg . k|To]s efiffsf cfcfk\mgf ;d:of, r'gf}tL / ;Defjgf x'G5g\ . s'g} efiff nfdf] n]Vo k/Dk/f ePsfn] logsf] dfgsLs/0fsf] cfk\mg} k|s[ltsf] Oltxf; x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu d}lynL efiff / lnDa' efiffsf] dfgsLs/0fsf] Oltxf; / o;sf r'gf}tL g]jf/L efiff;Fu gldNg ;S5g\ . logdf :yflkt k|rngn] a9L k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . ltgsf t'ngfdf tfdfª, du/ efiffdf dfgsLs/0f ubf{ cfw'lgs l;b\wfGtsf] a9L pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . lsgeg] ;fk]lIfs ¿kdf 5f]6f] n]Vo k/Dk/f ePsf efiffdf df}lvs / lnlvt efiffsf] lgs6tf vf]Hg ;xh x'G5 . km]l/ efiffsf] k|s[lt klg o;sf nflu lhDd]jf/ x'g ;S5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu g]kfnL efiffsf] dfgsLs/0f hl6n ag]sf] Pp6f k|d'v sf/0f lxHh]df ;|f]t efiffx?k|lt o;sf] cgk]lIft e'msfa tyf lge{/tf klg xf] eGg ;lsG5 . o; ljifodf dft[efifL k|of]Stfx? slTtsf] nlrnf] b[li6sf]0f /fV5g\, To;n] klg k|efj kfg]{ x'G5 .

dfgsLs/0f eg]sf] lgodg tyf lgoGq0f dfq geO{ efiff k|of]udf oyfzSo ;xhLs/0f tyf ;/nLs/0f klg xf] eGg] a'e\mg' cfjZos 5 . efiffsf] n]Vo :j¿knfO{ cfd dft[efifLx?n] ;xh ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] agfpg', o;sf] lzIf0f l;sfOdf klg ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] ;xhtf :yflkt u/fpg ;s]df efiffsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;+jw{gdf klg cem an k'U5 . o;af6 cfk\mgf] dft[efiff nf]slk|o aGb} hfg] ;Defjgf a9\5 . o;sf nflu dft[efifLn] df}lvs ¿kdf k|fKt u/]sf] efiff / n]Vo :j¿ksf lar lgs6tf :yflkt ug]{ k|of;sf ¿kdf klg dfgsLs/0fnfO{ cYof{pg' cfjZos b]lvG5 .

csf]{ s'/fÙ e/v/ n]Vo k|rngdf cfPsf efiffsf] k|of]udf Ps¿ktfdf hf]8 lbOg'eGbf o;sf] k|of]u If]q lj:tf/df hf]8 lbg' plrt x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu :yfgLo ufpF kflnsf, gu/ kflnsf jf vf; j8f sfof{nodf sfdsfhL efiffsf ¿kdf dft[efiffsf] k|of]u lj:tf/ x'Fb} uPkl5 ltgsf] k|of]usf] cWoog u/L k|fKt cg'ejsf] ;fdfGoLs/0faf6 Ps¿ktfsf] vf]hL ug'{ / To;sf cfwf/df sfof{Gjog kIfdf ;'wf/ ub}{ hfg] b[li6sf]0f cFufNg' klg pko'St pkfo dfGg ;lsG5 .

;du|df

efiffsf] dfgsLs/0f Pp6f hl6n k|lj|mof xf] . cfcfkm\gf] efiffsf] :j¿k cg';f/ k|To]s efiffdf o:tf] k|lj|mofdf s]xL leGgtf x'g ;S5 . nfdf] n]Vo k/Dk/f ePsf / lj:t[t If]qdf k|of]udf cfpg] efiffdf dfgsLs/0fsf] k|lj|mof cem hl6n x'G5 . o;sf k|of]Stfx?df Ps vfnsf] n]vg kb\wltdf afgL a;]sf] x'Fbf hlt;'s} hl6n eP klg To;df ;'wf/ tyf kl/isf/ ug{ lxrlsrfx6 klg x'g ;S5 . o:tf k|of]Stfx?sf] e'msfa oyfl:ylt dg k/fpg] vfnsf] x'g ;S5 . ;fdfGo k|of]Stfsf nflu o:tf] x'g' :jfefljs 5 t/ efiffsf] of]hgfab\w ljsf; rfxg] efiffsf cWo]tf, cem o;sf] k|fof]lus If]qdf sfo{ ug]{ ljb\jfg\x?n] o;sf] k|of]udf b]lvPsf ckjfbx?sf] Go"gLs/0f, cfd ;~rf/sf b[li6n] k|of]udf ;xhLs/0f, cem z}Ifl0fs b[li6n] ;/nLs/0f ul/g' cfjZos 7fG5g\ . o;/L z}Ifl0fs tyf k|of]uut ;xhtfsf nflu df}lvs / lnlvt efiff k|of]udf lgs6tf :yflkt ug{' klg cfjZos b]lvG5 . e/v/ n]Vo k|rng ;'? ePsf efiffdf eg] df}lvs ¿ksf] cWoog u/L vf; eflifs e]bsf] rog, ltgsf] j0f{ lgwf{/0f, lnlk 5gf]6 u/L lnlvt ¿kdf NofOPsf efiffx?df eg] dfgsLs/0f ;fk]lIfs ¿kdf ;xh x'g ;S5 t/ o:tf efiffnfO{ lzIff, ;~rf/, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw cflb If]qdf k|of]u lj:tf/ ubf{ eg] nfdf] n]Vo k/Dk/f ePsf efiffsf t'ngfdf zAb e08f/sf] sdL /xG5 . ltgsf] cfk"lt{sf nflu cfk\mgf] efiffsf] Jo'Tkfbg k|lj|mofsf] cWoog u/L To;sf cfwf/df gj zAb lgdf{0f u/L k|rngdf NofpFb} hfg' cfjZos x'G5 . o;/L dfgsLs/0fn] eflifs e]bsf] 5gf]6, cfcfk\mgf] efiffdf lglxt j0f{x?sf] lgwf{/0f, lnlksf] 5gf]6, n]vg kb\wltsf] ljsf;, ¿kfog / Jo'Tkfbgsf] cWoog, Jofs/0f / zAbsf]z lgdf{0f, k|of]usf] If]q lj:tf/sf ;fy} k|of]usf] :jLsfo{tfnfO{ ;d]t ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . 

;Gbe{ u|Gy ;"rL

clwsf/L, x]dfª\u /fh -@)&^_, efiff ljifos lrGtg M ljljw ;Gbe{, sf7df8f}F M ljb\ofyL{ k':ts e08f/

=======================   -@)^&, kfFrf}F ;+:s/0f_, ;fdflhs / k|fof]lus efiff lj1fg, sf7df8f}F M /Tg k':ts e08f/

===========================/ cGo -;Dkf= @)&$_, ;f7L jif{sf eflifs rrf{, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg

cfrfo{, ho/fh - ;g\ !(*)_, 6«Øfl8;gn u|fd;{ M Oªln; ofG8 g]kfnL, sf7df8f}F M n]vs :jod\

cfrfo{, zj{/fh -@)&$_, g]kfnL j0f{ ljGof;sf] dfgsLs/0fsf] Oltxf;, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg

cfrfo{, lzj/fh -@)#), @)#&_, lhDbf] g]kfnL ef;f M v08 ! / @,  sf7df8f}F M n]vs :jod\

aGw', r"8fdl0f -@)&&, b;f}F ;+:s/0f_, efiff lj1fg, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg

e6\6/fO{, z/RrGb| zdf{ -@)#&_, g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf; -dfWolds sfn_, sf7df8f}F M lqlj=, kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|

ofbj, of]u]Gb| k|;fb - @)%)_, g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df efiff ljsf; M k|1f, cª\s &( M ^#–&@, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg

of]Ghg, cd[t -@)^*_, k|1f tfdfª Jofs/0f, tfdfª dfgsLs/0f lgodfjnL @!)–@!$, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg

/fli6«o efiff gLlt ;'emfa cfof]u -@)%)_, /fli6«o efiff gLlt ;'emfa cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, sf7df8f}F

/]UdL, eLd gf/fo0f - @)&(_, k|1f xL/s dxf]T;j uf]i7Lkq ;ª\u|x M %@–^$, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg

j}/fuL, sfOFnf -@)^*_, lnDa' efiff M :t/Ls/0f sfo{zfnf, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg

भाषालोक- ३ बाट