भाषा राजनीति र कोशी प्रदेशमा भाषाहरूको स्थिति - दिलेन्द्र कुरुम्बाङ

yfngL

PYgf]nu Uof/L l;df]G; -@)@#_, sf] @^ cf}+F ;+:s/0fcg';f/ ljZjdf sl/a &!^* efiffx¿ cl:tTjdf 5g\ . tLdWo] sltko efiffx¿ lbglbg} nf]k x'Fb}5g\ . g]kfndf x/]s bz bz jif{df /fli6«o hgu0fgf x'Fb} cfPsf] 5, t/ x/]s hgu0fgfdf efiffx?sf] ;ª\Vof km/s km/s cfpg] u/]sf] 5 . /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* cg';f/ g]kfndf !@$ efiffx¿ 5g\ . cl3Nnf] hgu0fgf      -@)^*_n] !@# / OYgf]un g]kfn -PlknL / c? @)!@_ n] !@$ efiffx¿ b]vfPsf] 5 . of] ;ª\Vof  -@)%*_ df (@ lyof] . o;/L x/]s bz jif{df x'g] hgu0fgfdf efiffx¿sf] ;ª\Vof a[l4 x'g'df y'k|} sf/0f x'g ;S5g\ .

g]kfndf xfn;Dd efiffj}1flgs cfwf/df eflifs ;j]{If0f (linguistic survey) gePsf]n] efiffx?sf] olsg tYofª\s cfpg g;s]sf] efiffzf:qLx?n] atfpg] u/]sf 5g\ . hgu0fgfdf hflt efiff;DaGwL tYofª\s lnFbf ;"rsn] h] pQ/ lbG5 To;}cg';f/ lng'kg]{ x'G5 . kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfd dflg;x?df ;fdflhs ;fF:s[lts r]tgf a[l4 eP;Fu} hflt, efiffx?sf] ;ª\Vofdf a[l4 x'Fb} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f+:s[lts r]tgfn] /fd|f] dfq ub}{g, jf:tljs tYo afª\lug] hf]lvd klg plQs} /xG5 . df}lvs k|Zg pQ/sf] dfWodaf6 lnOg] eflifs tYofª\sdf Pp6} efiffsf eflifs e]bx?nfO{ 5'6\6} efiffsf ?kdf b]vfpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . of] s'/f /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs tyf dgf]j}1flgs cj:yfn] klg ;[hgf u5{ . k/:k/ af]wuDotfsf cfwf/df :jtGq efiff jf eflifsf xf] eGg] efiffj}1flgs cfwf/df v'6\ofOG5 . hgu0fgfdf o; cfwf/df ;"rgf lnOGg / clwsf/ klg /xGg . d"ntM ;d'bfosf] ;fdflhs cj:yf, r]tgf / dgf]lj1fgdf lbglbg} kl/jt{g x'Fb} cfPsf]n] efiffx?sf] ;ª\Vofdf af/Daf/ km]/abn eO/x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ j}1flgs ta/af6 ;xL tYo ;ª\sng ug{ / efiffx?sf] olsg tYofª\s kQf nufpg eflifs ;j]{If0f cyjf eflifs u0fgf ug{ h?/L x'G5 . ta dfq d'n'sdf af]lng] ;a} dft[efiffx?sf] oyfy{ ;ª\Vof, eflifs :yfg, jQmf ;ª\Vof eflifs hLjGttfsf] cj:yf v'6\ofpg ;lsG5 .

hgu0fgf / OYnf]nun] b]vfPsf] efiffx¿sf] ;ª\Vof nueu p:t} eP tfklg ltgdf ;}4flGts dtleGgtf / k|fof]lus c;dfgtfx¿ 5g\ . hgu0fgfdf sltko ljb]zL efiffx¿;d]t ;dfj]z 5g\ eg] OYgf]nudf 5}g . OYgf]nudf Pp6} hfltsf PseGbf a9L efiffx¿ b]vfOPsf 5g\ . h:t}, yf? / tfdfªsf] %, % j6f eflifs e]bx¿ k|lji6 ul/Psf 5g\ . Pp6} efiffsf] :yfg ljz]ifcg';f/ ;+/rgfut leGgtf / ljz]iftfx¿ km/s km/s x'g ;S5g\ . ltgsf cfwf/df 5'§f 5'§} efiffsf] ?kdf OYgf]nudf ;"rLs[t ul/Psf] 5 . PYgf]nun] b]vfPsf] !@$ ;ª\Vof hfltut efiff (ethno-linguistic) cfwf/df u0fgf ug]{ xf] eg] ;ª\Vof sd x'g ;S5 . To;}n] g]kfnsf ;a} efiffx¿sf] efiffj}1flgs ;j]{If0f gu/L o;} xf] eGg ;lsGg .

sf]zL k|b]zdf efiffx?sf] hg;fª\lVos ljt/0f

/fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* sf] k|ltj]bg cg';f/ sf]zL k|b]zdf hDdf efiffx?sf] ;ª\Vof !)& b]lvPsf] 5 . /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* cg';f/ sf]zL k|b]zdf Ps nfveGbf a9L jQmf ;ª\Vof ePsf ( j6f efiffx¿ 5g\ .

tflnsf !M sf]zL k|b]zdf Ps nfveGbf a9L jStf /x]sf efiffx¿

qm=;+=	efiff	jQmf ;ª\Vof
!	g]kfnL	@@$^)@&
@	d}lynL	%&(#$&
#	ofSy'ª÷lnDa"	##@%!@
$	yf?	@!*%#$
%	tfdfª	!&%$$%
^	du/ 9'6	!$#!!&
&	afGtjf	!##&$%
*	/fhj+zL	!@*!*(
(	pb"{	!!$(($

;|f]t M /fli6«o tYofª\s sfof{no, @)*)

hgu0fgfdf hflt / efiff gfd ofSy'ª÷lnDa" k|lji6 ePsf] 5 / o; cfn]vdf ofSy'ª zAb k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . To;}n] ofSy'ªsf] dtna lnDa" eGg] a'em\g ;lsG5 . o; k|b]zdf g]kfnL efiffsf] jQmf ;ª\Vof klxnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 eg] bf];|f] d}lynL / t];|f] ofSy'ª÷lnDa" /x]sf] 5 . To;kl5 qmdzM yf?, tfdfª, du/ 9'6, afGtjf, /fhj+zL / pb'{ /x]sf 5g\ . /fO{ hfltnfO{ eflifs ;d'bfo dflgPsf] 5 . cyf{t\ Ps hflt w]/} efiff . /fO{ ;d'bfosf] eflifs k'Vof}{nL ynf] klg o;} k|b]z ePsf]n] nueu 8]9 bh{g /fO{ efiffx¿ hgu0fgfdf clen]vgdf cfPsf 5g\ . /fO{sf] y/ cyjf hflt cg';f/sf] efiffsf] :jtGq cyjf k[ys efiff eP tfklg 5'§} /fO{ efiff klg hgu0fgfdf cfPsf] 5 . of] rflxF ;"rsx?n] efiffsf] gfd atfpg g;s]/ /fO{ hflt n]vfpFbf efiff klg /fO{ g} n]vfPsf] x'g ;S5  cyjf u0fsn] jQmfnfO{ g;f]wL cfkmF}+n] hfltsf] cfwf/df efiff /fO{ n]v]sf] x'g ;S5 . /fO{ ;d"xsf nueu  b'O{ bh{g efiffx¿dWo] afGtjfsf] dfq ! nfveGbf a9L cyjf !##&$% jQmf ;ª\Vof 5 . bf];|f]df /fO{ (!&$^, t];|f]df rflDnª *@^$) / rfF}yf]df s'n'ª #^#&@ /x]sf] 5 .

sf]zL k|b]zdf ! k|ltzt jf Tof]eGbf a9L jQmf ;ª\Vof ePsf hDdf !$ efiffx¿ 5g\ . ltgsf] ;ª\Vof / k|ltzt lgDg tflnsfdf b]vfOPsf] 5 . 

tflnsf @M ! k|ltzt jf ;f]eGbf a9L jQmf ;ª\Vof ePsf efiffx¿

qm=;+=	efiff	jQmf ;ª\Vof	k|ltzt
!	g]kfnL	@@$^)@&	$%=@^
@	d}lynL	%&(#$&	!!=^&
#	ofSy'ª÷lnDa"	##@%!@	^=&)
$	yf?	@!*%#$	$=$)
%	tfdfª	!&%$$%	#=%$
^	du/ 9'6	!$#!!&	@=**
&	afGtjf	!##&$%	@=&)
*	/fhj+zL	!@*!*(	@=%*
(	pb'{	!!$(($	@=#@
!)	/fO{	(!&$^	!=*$
!!	rflDnª	*@^$)	!=^&
!@	z]kf{	^%#((	!=#@
!#	g]kfn efiff -g]jf/L_	^@&$!	!=@^
!$	;GyfnL	%#$#*	!=)*

 ;|f]t M /fli6«o tYofª\s sfof{no, hgu0fgf @)&* sf] k|ltj]bg, @)*)

hftLo tyf eflifs pkl:yltsf] lx;fan] sf]zL k|b]z t'ngfTds ?kdf a[xt\ 5 . g]kfnL efiffsf] pkl:ylt /fli6«o cf};t -$$=*^Ü_ eGbf k|b]zdf s]xL a9L -$%=@^ k|ltzt_ b]lvG5 . d}lynL bf];|f] :yfgdf !!=^& k|ltzt / t];|f]df ofSy'ª -lnDa'_ ^=&) k|ltzt 5 . To;kl5 qmdzM yf? $=$), tfdfª #=%#, du/ 9'6 @=**, afGtjf @=^(, /fhj+zL @=%* / pb"{ @=#! k|ltzt 5 . afFsL c? bzf}+b]lv !$ cf}+F;Ddsf] @ k|ltzteGbf sd 5 .

k|b]zdf efiffx¿sf] lhNnfut ljt/0f / cj:yf qmd x]bf{ g]kfnL efiff w]/} lhNnfdf klxnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . @)&* sf] /fli6«o hgu0fgfsf] k|ltj]bgcg';f/ lhNnfut ljt/0f lgDg tflnsfdf x]g{ ;lsG5 .

tflnsf #Msf]zL k|b]zdf efiffx?sf] lhNnfut ljt/0f / cj:yf qmd 

qm=;+=	lhNnf	jQmf ;ª\Vofdf klxnf] qmd	jQmf ;ª\Vofdf bf];|f] qmd	jQmf ;ª\Vofdf t];|f] qmd
!	tfKn]h'ª	ofSy'ª÷lnDa' -$&%!%_	g]kfnL -$)%)$_	z]kf{ -!$*#$_
@	kfFry/	ofSy'ª÷lnDa' -&@*&!_	g]kfnL -%)$&%_	afGtjf -!@))$_
#	Onfd	g]kfnL -!%!&^(_	ofSy'ª÷lnDa' -#*#@(_	afGtjf -@!)^%_
$	emfkf	g]kfnL -^!#$(%_	/fhj+zL -*%@&#_	ofSy'ª÷lnDa' -%$!(&_
%	df]/ª	g]kfnL -$%(!$%_	d}lynL -@%((*)_	yf? -&^)%$_
^	;'g;/L	g]kfnL -#)$))%_	d}lynL -@^!@!)_	yf? -!)&$)(_
&	wgs'6f	g]kfnL -^*$#%_	ofSy'ª÷lnDa' -!(%$%_	afGtjf -!$*$*_
*	t]x|y'd	g]kfnL -$$(#!_	ofSy'ª÷lnDa' -#)!#%_	tfdfª -%%%%_
(	;+v'jf;ef	g]kfnL -^(&!(_	tfdfª -!%@)&_	s'n'ª -!)*#$_
!)	pbok'/	g]kfnL -!&$*))_	du/ 9'6 -#&^#!_	yf? -@&!#@_
!!	ef]hk'/	g]kfnL -&%$((_	afGtjf -#!^%#_	tfdfª -!!*!%_
!@	vf]6fª	g]kfnL -*#$*^_	rflDnª -#)&!%_	du/ 9'6 -&(#!_
!#	cf]vn9'+uf	g]kfnL -&#$#!_	tfdfª -!$@&)_	du/ 9'6 -!#%$!_
!$	;f]n'v'Da'	g]kfnL -#^###_	z]kf{ -!&*@#_	s'n'ª -!!@**_

;|f]t M /fli6«o tYofª\s sfof{no, hgu0fgf @)&* sf] k|ltj]bg, @)*)

dflysf] tflnsfdf tfKn]h'ª / kfFry/ lhNnfdf ofSy'ª efiff klxnf] :yfgdf / g]kfnL bf];|f] :yfgdf 5 . tfKn]h'ªdf z]kf{ / kfFry/df afGtjf efiff t];|f] :yfgdf 5g\ . afFsL ;a} lhNnfdf g]kfnL efiff klxnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 .

df]/ª / ;'g;/L lhNnfdf d}lynL efiff bf];|f] qmddf w]/} jQmf ;ª\Vof;lxt 5g\ . To;}n] k|b]z txdf d}lynL bf];|f] 7'nf] jQmf ;ª\Vof ePsf] efiffdf k/]sf] 5 . ofSy'ª efiff wgs'6f, Onfd / t]x|y'ddf t];|f] / emfkf lhNnfdf t];|f] :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 . k|b]zsf] rf}yf] 7'nf] jQmf ;ª\Vof ePsf] yf? efiff df]/ª, ;'g;/L / pbok'/df t];|f] :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 . To;/L g} k|b]zsf] kfFrf}+F 7'nf] efiff tfdfª ;+v'jf;ef, cf]vn9'ª\uf lhNnfdf bf];|f] / ef]hk'/ / t]x|y'd lhNnfdf t];|f] :yfgdf 5 . du/ efiff pbok'/df bf];|f], vf]6fª / cf]vn9'ª\ufdf t];|f] :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 . afGtjf efiff ef]h'/df bf];|f], kfFry/, Onfd / wgs'6f lhNnfdf t];|f] :yfgdf b]lvG5 .

/fhj+zL efiff Pp6f dfq emfkf lhNnfdf bf];|f] :yfgdf 5 eg] z]kf{ efiff ;f]n'v'Da'df bf];|f] / tfKn]h'ªdf t];|f] :yfgdf b]lvG5 . rflDnª efiff vf]6fªdf bf];|f] :yfgdf 5 / s'n'ª efiff ;f]n'v'Da' / ;+v'jf;efdf t];|f] :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 . Ps nfveGbf a9L jQmf ;ª\Vof ePsf] pb'{ efiff t];|f] :yfg;Dd klg s'g} lhNnfdf b]lvGg .

;fj{hlgs If]qdf efiffx¿sf] k|of]u

;/sf/L sfdsfh, lzIff tyf ;~rf/ u[xdf o; k|b]zsf ljleGg dft[efiffx?sf] k|of]u x'g yfn]sf] / ;f] sf nflu kxn ePsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -@)&@_ df d'n'ssf ;a} dft[efiffx?nfO{ /fi6«efiff elgPsf], dft[efiff tyf ;+:s[ltnfO{ df}lns xscGtu{t /flvPsf] / d'n'sn] ax'eflifs gLlt cjnDag ug]{ k|fjwfg 5 . tyflk ;f]cg'?k /fHon] hlt e"ldsf / bfloTj lgjf{x ug'{ kg]{ xf] Tolt ePsf] b]lvGg .

;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff

d'n'ssf efiffx?sf] :t/ut tyf ;+/rgfut of]hgf th'{df ug{'sf ;fy} ;a} efiffx¿sf] ;+/If0f / k|jw{g ug{ ul7t efiff cfof]un] @)&* ;fndf d}lynL / ofSy'ª -lnDa'_ efiffnfO{ sf]zL k|b]zsf] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff lgwf{/0f ug{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf] 5 . tyflk l;kmfl/; adf]lhd sfof{Gjog cl3 a9\g ;s]sf] 5}g . cl3Nnf] k|b]z ;/sf/n] ;fdflhs dGqfnosf] ;+of]hgdf ;DalGwt efifLx¿nfO{ ;d]6L sfdsfhL efiff;DaGwL d:of}bf ljw]os tof/ u/] klg pQm d:of}bf ljw]os ;+;bdf k]; x'g ;s]g, Tolts} ylGsof] . lj=;+= @)&( dª\l;/sf] bf];|f] k|b]z ;ef lgjf{rgkZrft ul7t k|b]z ;/sf/n] of] ljw]os kfl/t u/]/ sfdsfhsf] efiff sfof{Gjogdf n}hfg] sfo{ xfn;Dd u/]sf] hfgsf/Ldf 5}g .   

;/sf/L sfdsfsfhsf] efiff dfGotf lbg :yfgLo txdf s]xL sfdx¿ x'g yfn]sf 5g\ . Onfd lhNnf dfª;]a'ª ufpFkflnsf j8f g+= % / r'nfr'nL ufpFkflnsf j8f g+= ! df ofSy'ª -lnDa'_ efiff j8fsf] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 . lj= ;+= @)&& ;fndf dfª;]a'ª ufpFkflnsf j8f g+= % / @)&( df r'nfr'nL ufpFkflnsf j8f g+= ! df ofSy'ª -lnDa'_ efiffnfO{ sfdsfhL efiff 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] lyof] .

o:t}, kfFry/ lhNnfsf] kmfNu'gGb ufpFkflnsf / s'Ddfos ufpFkflnsf j8f g+= ! of;f]sdf cf=j= @)*)÷*! sf] gLlt sfo{qmddf ofSy'ª efiff ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff 3f]if0ff x'g] qmddf 5 . k|b]zsf cGo :yfgLo txx?df vf]6fªsf] xn];L t'jfr'ª gu/kflnsfdf rflDnª, jfDa'n] / ltn'ª efiff k|of]usf nflu cfwf/ tof/ ul/Psf] hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf] 5 .

dft[efiff k7gkf7g

dft[efiffsf] P]lR5s ljifo k7gkf7gsf] ;'?jft lj;+ %) sf] bzsaf6 eof] . vf; u/L o; k|b]zdf k|f/Dedf ofSy'ª -lnDa'_ / afGtjf efiffsf] k7gkf7g k|f/De ePsf] lyof] . xfn ljleGg efiffx¿df of] lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . kfFry/sf] kmfNu'gGb, s'Ddfos tyf tfKn]h'ªsf] d]l/ªb]g / kmStfªn'ª ufpFkflnsfdf :yfgLo ;/sf/n] dft[efiff :jod\;]js lzIfs b/aGbL sfod u/L ofSy'ª, tfdfª, afGtjf, z]kf{ efiffsf] P]lR5s ljifo k7gkf7g ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . Onfd, wgs'6f, t]x|y'd, emfkf, df]/ª lhNnfdf klg ofSy'ª nufot ljleGg efiffx?sf] k7kf7g e}/x]sf] 5 . kfFry/, Onfd, wgs'6f, tfKn]h'ªsf ljleGg ljBfnox¿df P]lR5s ljifosf] ?kdf ofSy'ª efiff sIff !! / !@ df lzIf0f eO/fv]sf] 5 . lj=;+= @)^@ b]lv lnDa" efiff ljsf; ;+:yf kfGy/n] kfFry/, tfKn]h'ª, t]x|y'ddf ofSy'ª efiffdf ;fIf/tf sIff ;~rfng u/]sf] lyof] . 

xfn;Dd kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| / :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] cu'jfOdf rflDnª, s'n'ª, vflnª efiff sIff ! b]lv % ;Ddsf], y'n'ª, gfl5l/ª sIff ! b]lv # ;Ddsf] kf7\o ;fdu|L tof/ ul/Psf 5g\ . To;/L g} k'df, b'ªdfnL, sf]oL, ;fDkfª, b'dL, d]jfxfª, nf]x?ª efiffsf] sIff ! sf] kf7\o ;fdu|L lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 .

lkmlg; ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf lzIff ljefuaf6 @)^# b]lv @)^% ;Dd wgs'6fdf cf7kxl/of, ;'g;/Ldf p/fpF / k'lj{of yf? / emfkfdf /fhj+zL / ;Gyfn efiffdf cfwfl/t ax'eflifs lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfng ePsf] lyof] . o;nfO{ cGo ljBfnodf klg lj:tf/ ug]{ elgPsf] t lyof] t/ lj:tf/ ul/Psf] xfn;Dd sxLF ;'lgPsf] 5}g .

;~rf/ If]qdf efiffx¿sf] k|of]u

k|hftGq k'gM:yfkgfkZrft lj=;+= @)%@ ;fnb]lv /]l8of] g]kfn wgs'6f k|;f/0f s]Gb|af6 ofSy'ª, afGtjf / k"jL{ yf? efiffdf ;dfrf/ k|;f/0f ;'? ePsf] lyof] . xfn tL efiffx¿df ;dfrf/sf ;fy} ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ klg k|;f/0f x'g] u/]sf] 5 . d'n'sdf ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq :yfkgfkZrft ;fd'bflos tyf Jofkfl/s Pkm=Pd= /]l8of]x¿n] klg oxfFsf ljleGg efiffdf ;dfrf/ tyf sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] O6x/L k|;f/0f s]Gb|af6 ofSy'ª / yf? efiffdf ;dfrf/ tyf sfo{qmd k|;f/0f x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf /x]sf] uf]/vfkqdf ofSy'ª nufot ljleGg efiffsf] :tDedf dfl;s ?kdf n]v, /rgf / ;dfrf/ 5flkb} cfPsf] 5 .  

n]Vo k/Dk/f / ;flxTo ;[hgf

ofSy'ª efiff n]Vo k/Dk/f ePsf] efiff xf] h;sf] lnlk l;/\hªuf xf] . d}lynL efif ldlynf lt/x'tf, z]kf{ efiff ;Def]6f, ;Gyfn efiff cff]nlrsL, nfKrf efiff /f]ª, / pb'{ efiff c/aL lnlkdf n]lvG5g\ . /fO{ ;d"xsf ljleGg efiffx¿ b]jgfu/L lnlkdf n]Vg] ul/Psf] 5 . xfn cfP/ l;/\hªuf lnlkdf yk pklrGxx¿(diacritics) agfP/ n]Vg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . o; k|b]zsf clwsf+z efiffx¿ df}lvs jf sYo k/Dk/f ePsf efiffx¿ x'g\ . ;flxTo ;[hgf / u|Gy k|sfzgsf] b[li6n] t'ngfTds ?kdf ofSy'ª efiff cu|0fL b]lvG5 . o; efiffdf nueu 8]9 bh{g hlt d'Gw'd ;DaGwL u|Gyx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . ofSy'ª ;d'bfodf d'Gw'dsf] pRr :yfg 5 . d'Gw'dn] dfgj ;d'bfonfO{ hLjg / hut\nfO{ a'em\g / lhpg l;sfpF5, dfu{bz{g u5{ . cfw'lgs ;flxTodf sljtf, syf, pkGof;, v08sfJo, dxfsfJo, nf]ssyf, ;dfnf]rgf, Oltxf;, hLjgL cflb k|z:t k|sflzt 5g\ . o;/L g} kqklqsf, ;dfrf/ kq, ;d;fdlos d]u]lhg cflb k|sfzg x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . 

;flxTo ;[hgf tkm{ rflDnª, jfDa'n], afGtjf, s'n'ª, efiffx¿klg nlDsb} 5g\ . tL efiffx?df d'Gw'd, sljtf, syf cflb k|sfzg ePsf] kfOG5 . kqklqsf, ;d;fdlos klqsf k|sfzg ePsf 5g\ . t/fO{ If]qsf d}lynL, yf?, ;Gyfn, /fhj+zL nufotsf efiffdf ljleGg ;fdu|L k|sfzg ePsf 5g\ .  

hg:t/df efiffsf] pkof]u / ck;/0f

;fj{hlgs If]qdf efiffsf] k|of]usf] cnfjf ;d'bfo :t/df s:tf] cj:yf 5 t eGg]tkm{ klg a'em\g h?/L 5 . d'n'ssf] cGo If]qdf h:t} o; k|b]zdf klg cfd dflg;x?df efiff k|of]usf] l:ylt ;dfg 5 . oBlk dw]z k|b]zdf cln leGg cj:yf 5 . 3/ kl/jf/, cfkmGt, d]nfkft, lax], ef]h, k"hf cfhf x'Fbf ljz]if u/L ;hftLo ;3g a:tLx¿df cfcfkm\gf] dft[efiffsf] k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 . cyf{t\ ;3g a:tLdf dft[efiff af]nLrfndf k|of]u x'G5 . t/ of] k|j[lQ vf; u/L jois / k|f}9x¿df b]lvG5 . ljleGg hfthfltlarsf] s'/fsfgL jf ;+jfbdf g]kfnL efiff g} ;Dks{ efiffsf] ?kdf k|of]u x'G5 . leGg dft[efifLx¿larsf] ;Djfbdf c? dft[efiffx¿ ;Dks{ efiffsf] ?kdf k|of]u ePsf] kfOGg . k"hfcfhf, ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts sd{ cflbdf dfq dft[efiffx¿ ;Lldt x'Fb} uPsf] cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 .  

lxhf]cfh gofF k':tfdf ;hftLox¿ dfem klg g]kfnL efiff g} af]lnrfnLsf] efiffsf] ?kdf k|of]u x'g yfn]sf] 5 . a;fOF ;/fO u/L ;x/ ahf/ / t/fO{ em/]sfx¿df ;aeGbf klxn] dft[efiffaf6 g]kfnL efiffdf ck;/0f (language shift) ePsf] kfOof] . /fHosf] eflifs ;f+:s[lts gLltsf] ;ª\qmd0f ;aeGbf klxn] ltgdf k/]sf] lyof] . kxf8 / s'gf sGb/fsf a:tLx¿df dft[efiff, ;+:sf/, ;+:s[lt hLjGt lyof], t/ clxn] tL klg ;'/lIft 5}gg\ . 

oxfF Pp6f eflifs ck;/0f;DaGwL cWoogsf] glthfsf] ;f/ ;ª\If]k pNn]v ug{ ;fGble{s g} xf]nf . of] :tDesf/n] @)&*÷&( df kfFry/, Onfd / emfkfsf] tLg leGbfleGb} 7fpFdf ofSy'ª efiff ck;/0f;DaGwL cWoog u/]sf] lyof] . kfFry/sf] k'Vof}{nL / ;3g ;hftLo a:tL ePsf] 7fpFM Onfd hxfF ahf/df cfO{ ldl>t a;f]af; ePsf] If]q / emfkf, hxfF cfcfkm\gf} k'Vof}{nL ufpF 7fpFaf6 pj{/ hldgsf] vf]hLdf t/fO{ em/]/ a;f]af; u/]sf] 7fpF cWoogsf nflu 5gf]6 ul/Psf] lyof] . oL ltg} cf]6f 7fpFx¿ leGbfleGb} k|s[lt / cj:yf ePsf]nfO{ cWoog If]q 5gf]6 ul/Psf] lyof], h;n] efiff ck;/0fsf] l:ylt t'ngf ug{ ;lsg] ef] . To;df hGdb]lv nueu @) jif{;Dd pd]/ ;d"xsf afnaflnsfx?nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] .

oL tLg 7fpFnfO{ gd'gfsf] ?kdf lnP/ ul/Psf] cWoogdf kl/0ffd Ps lsl;dn] cfZro{hgs g} cfof] . ufpFaf6 ;x/ ahf/ l5/]sf / t/fO{ a;fOF ;/L ldl>t a;f]af; ePsf] 7fpFdf klxn] g} efiff ck;/0fsf] cj:yfaf6 dflg;x¿ u'lh|;s]sf lyP . t/ k'Vof}{nL yftynf]df hxfF ;3g ;hftLo a;f]af; 5, ToxfF klg eflifs ck;/0f nueu ztk|ltzt b]vf k¥of], h'g b'MvbfoL cj:yf xf] . ofSy'ª efiffnfO{ Pp6f k|ltlglw dfGg] xf] eg] c? efiffx?sf] l:ylt klg of]eGbf km/s gx'g ;S5 . g]kfnL efiffOt/sf xfd|f efiffx¿sf] l:ylt o;/L g} u'h|b} hfFb} 5 . of] cj:yf ;[hgf x'g'df sf] lhDd]jf/ 5 <

efifflj1fg s]Gb|Lo ljefun] @)^% b]lv @)&$ ;Dd u/]sf] ;dfhefiffj}1flgs cWoogn] o; k|b]zsf efiffx?df d}lynL, ;GyfnLnfO{ ;an / ;'/lIft b]vfPsf] 5 eg] z]kf{, yf?, tfdfª, /fhj+zL ;'/lIft b]vfPsf] 5 / afFsL ;a} efiffx?sf] l:ylt gfh's b]vfPsf] 5 -/]UdL, @)&%_ . o; cWoogdf ltn'ª / n'ª\lvd nf]k x'g} nfu]sf efiffdf k/]sf 5g\ eg] b'dL, kmfªb'jfnL, nfKrf, gfl5l/ª ck;/0fzLn efiffdf k/]sf 5g\ . To;/L g} ofSy'ª -lnDa'_, afGtjf, rflDnª, lwdfn, s'n'ª, ;fªkfª, cf7kxl/of, ofSvf, dfemL, nf]xf]?ª, l5Gtfª, ls;fg, ;'g'jf/, d]jfxfª, ofDkm' nufot o; k|b]zdf af]lng] clwsf+z efiffx¿ ;ª\s6fkGg cj:yfdf /x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 .    

/fHosf] eflifs gLlt / Jojxf/

g]kfnL efiffOt/sf dflg;x?sf] k|foM låeflifs l:ylt (bilingual situation) 5 . cfkm\gf] dft[efiff;Fu} g]kfnL efiff klg af]N5g\ . g]kfnL efiff /fHosf] /fHosf ;a} cª\u tyf lgsfodf k|of]u x'g] k|zf;lgs efiff ePsf]n] cfd hgtfn] l;Sg} kg]{ afWotf ePsf]n] of] cj:yf ;[hgf u/]sf] xf] . g]kfnL efiffOt/sf efiffx?k|lt /fHosf] cg'bf/ gLlt / Jojxf/sf sf/0f la:tf/} c? efiff k|of]u ljxLg x'Fb} uP . ;/sf/sf] Psn eflifs / z}lIfs gLltn] dft[efiffx?sf] cfjZostf / pkfb]otf g/xg] ePkl5 :jod\ dft[efifL ;d'bfon] cfkm\gf] efiff hfGg / k':tfGt/0f ug{ cfjZos 7fg]gg\ . To;sf] kmn clxn] sd jQmf ;ª\Vof ePsf efiffx¿ ;ª\s6df kb}{ uPsf 5g\ .

dfG5]h:t} efiff klg d5{ . plrt :ofxf/ ;+ef/, e/0fkf]if0f / pkof]u ePg eg] efiffx¿ qmdzM db}{ hfG5g\Ù t/, km/s s] xf] eg] dfG5]sf] ;Gtfg a[l4 x'G5, efiffsf] x'Fb}g . dtna dg]{ dfG5]sf] pQ/flwsf/L jf ;Gtfg /xG5 t/ efiffsf] pQ/flwsf/L x'Fb}g . To;}n] s'g} efiff d¥of] eg] of] ;+;f/af6 ;bfsf nflu ljn'Kt eP/ hfG5 . efiffsf] d[To'sf w]/} sf/0f x'G5g\ . efiffx¿ hlxn] klg /fHo ;Qf / zlQmaf6 k|efljt x'G5g\ . ;Qf / zlQmsf] cf8 e/f];f tyf k|f]T;fxg kfpg] efiff df}nfP/ hfG5g\, lje]b / bdgdf k/]sf efiffx¿ lvOFb} hfG5g\ . g]kfnn] ljutdf cFufn]sf] eflifs gLltsf] b'/ufdL c;/ clxn] cfP/ b]lvg yfn]sf]] 5 . g]kfnsf s}of}+ dft[efifLx?n] cfk\mgf] dft[efiff 5f]8\b} g]kfnL efiff c+FufNb}5g\ . of] ;d:of g]kfndf dfq geP/ ljZjJofkL klg xf] .

lgrf]8

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ePsf ;Lldt clwsf/sf k|fjwfgx¿ klg Jojxf/df nfu'  ePsf 5}gg\ . ;a} efiffk|ltsf] xfd|f] lrGtg / Jojxf/ ;sf/fTds x'g g;Sbf xfd|f eflifs ;Dkbfx?sf] ;+/If0f / k|jw{gdf r'gf}tLx¿ ylkFb} 5g\ . o; k|b]zsf clwsf+z efiffx¿ nf]k x'g] qmddf 5g\ . ltgsf] ;d'lrt pkrf/ / k|a4{gdf lgZro klg k|b]z ;/sf/ / :yfgLo txx¿ g} ;a}eGbf a9L lhDd]jf/ x'g'kb{5 . efiff cfof]un] k|fb]lzs ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiffsf +nflu l;kmfl/; u/]sf] ljifosf] sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]g . ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{s} nflu d'n's ;ª\3Lotfdf ?kfGt/0f x'g h?/L xf], tL ck]Iffsf] ;Daf]wg x'g'k5{ . g]kfnsf ;a} /fi6«efiffx¿sf] ;d'lrt pGglt k|ult ug{sf nflu g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, efiff ;+:s[lt;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g / ;d'bfosf] rfxgf, ;d:ofsf cfwf/df ;ª\3Lo eflifs gLlt, eflifs P]g tyf efiff of]hgf th'{df ug{ h?/L 5 . efiff cfof]uåf/f ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf nflu l;kmfl/; ul/Psf efiffx?nfO{ tbf?stfsf ;fy sfof{Gjogdf n}hfg' k5{ . To; cnfjf cGo efiffx?nfO{ klg qmdzM sfg'gL dfGotf lbb} n}hfg / efiffx¿sf] :yfg ljz]ifcg';f/ kflnsf tyf j8f txdf k|of]u lj:tf/ ub}{ n}hfg' k5{ . dft[efiff dfWod / ljifosf] k7gkf7gsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg / efiffx¿sf] pkl:yltsf cfwf/df ;/sf/L, ;fd'bflos tyf ;fj{hlgs ;a} If]qdf k|of]u lj:tf/ ug'{k5{ . nf]kf]Gd'v efiffx?sf] ;+/If0f ;Da4{g / ljsf;df ljz]if kxn ul/g'k5{ . xfd|f efiffx¿ ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf x'g\, logsf] enfOdf xfd|f] klg enfO 5 .

 

;Gbe{ ;"rL

sfOnf, j}/fuL -@)%)_ /fli6«o efiff gLlt ;'emfj cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, sf7df8f}

g]kfn ;/sf/ -@)&@_ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df8f}+

efiff cfof]u -@)&*_ ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff;DaGwL l;kmfl/;x?, sf7df8f}+

efiff cfof]u -@)&(_ efiffnf]s, sf7df8f}+

kf7s, o'u -@)&$_ dfªu]Ggf, sf7df8f}= kmfOg lk|G6 k|f=ln=

of]Ghg, cd[t -@)^&_ g]kfndf eflifs dfgjclwsf/Mcjwf/0ff r'gf}tL / ;Defjgfx?Mcflbjf;L hghtL, sf7df8f}+ cflbjf;L hghflt pTyfg /fli6«o k|lti7fg

/]UdL, bfg/fh -@)&%_ g]kfndf efiffx?sf] l:ylt / eflifs ;j]{If0fM ;dLIffTs ljZn]if0f, sf7df8f}+

;'Aaf, lbn]Gb| -@)&(_ ofSy'ª efiff ck;/0f cWoog, lnDa'jfg cWoog s]Gb|, nlntk'/

Angdembe, Tejman (2014) Saving Endangered Languages Just Two Formulas, Kathmandu: Yalambar Foundation

Crystal, David. 2000. Language Death, Edinburgh: Cambridge unversity press.

Simons, Gary & at all (2023) Ethnologue, Languages of the world, SIL International

Eppele, John W. & at all (2012) Ethnologue, Languages of Nepal, SIL International

Rai, Vishnu S (2005) Endangered languages, moribund languages and killer languages, Yogendra P Yadav at all (eds.), Contemporary Issues in Nepalese Linuguistics, Kathmandu: Linguistic Society of Nepal.

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